"Vitré Castle is a powerful fortified castle located at the western edge of the fortified town of Vitré.
The part of the castle belonging to the commune of Vitré has been listed as a historical monument since June 1, 1872. The apse of the Observatory Tower has been listed as a historical monument since July 15, 1898. A surviving part of the castle has been listed as a historical monument since October 14, 1902.
Location
Vitré Castle occupies the tip of a schist spur overlooking the Vilaine Valley to the north and a marshy stream to the south. This spur disappeared in the 18th century to make way for the royal road from Paris to Rennes. "The general approach remains that of dominating the terrain with reinforced corners. To the southeast, above the then marshy area, near the En-Bas city gate, the Saint-Laurent Tower is a veritable keep. The renovation of the castle around 1420 had another purpose: to assert the seigneurial power, shaken by the arrival of the English in Maine, as the castle was then the refuge of the Counts of Laval, particularly when the English captured Laval in 1427.
Description
Vitré Castle has a triangular plan dating back to the 12th century, and its towers date mainly from the 14th and 15th centuries.
The eastern entrance façade is preceded by a vast esplanade called "Place du Château." This esplanade now replaces the medieval lower courtyard, transformed into a stable yard in the 17th century. Archaeological excavations were undertaken on Vitré Castle Square prior to the restoration of the forecourt. In the foreground, a cobbled street can be seen that appears to predate the 15th century. The foundations of the dwellings along this road can also be seen. This discovery suggests a very early urbanization on what was believed to be the forecourt of the castle. The medieval houses therefore extended to the foot of the castle.
The 1400s entrance gatehouse, which partially rests on a 13th-century tower on the lower courtyard side, is composed of two pepperpot towers (a rubble-stone north tower and a dressed south tower) topped with a gallery of Breton sandstone machicolations and a fortified double story (a covered patrol walkway above which rises a recessed upper story, topped with pointed roofs from which emerge large chimney stacks). The symbolic meaning of this defensive structure outweighs its military necessity, as the lord likely wished to demonstrate his ostentatious and deterrent nature. A plank footbridge serves as a drawbridge and leads to a double gate, each served by its own drawbridge, as evidenced by the grooves of the carriage gate, which is doubled to its left by a narrow pedestrian gate, also with a pointed arch. This structure is completed to the south by a square turret used as a latrine.
The Saint-Laurent Tower was the governor's residence. The four floors of this imposing tower are such that it serves as a keep. Built in the 15th century on the site of a 13th-century tower, it collapsed in 1835 and was rebuilt around 1870. It currently houses a museum displaying a collection of paintings tracing the history of Vitré.
The Oratory Tower, also called the Chapel Tower, takes its name from the Renaissance apse that adorns its façade. This tufa aedicule is the work of Guy XVI and is one of the earliest examples of Renaissance art in Brittany. The coat of arms of the Count of Laval, surrounded by the collar of the Order of Saint Michael, appears intertwined with those of his wives, Charlotte of Aragon, Anne de Montmorency, and Antoinette de Daillon. This tower was protected as a historic monument in 1898 and again in 1901. Since the 2010s, it has been undergoing restoration. The apse was completed in 2012.
Around the inner courtyard, the stately buildings, which have since become the Town Hall, are arranged. Also noteworthy is the grand staircase leading to the gallery of the new building (second half of the 15th century).
The oldest element of the castle is the facade of the former 12th-century Romanesque chapel, in polychrome bond (uncommon use of slate for the keystones and small columns). Two blind arches frame the portal formed by three arches resting on engaged columns with a simple impost and a tympanum whose lintel is formed of keystones."