Edward Whymper, (born April 27, 1840, London, England—died September 16, 1911, Chamonix, France), English mountaineer and artist who was associated with the exploration of the Alps and was the first man to climb the Matterhorn (14,691 feet [4,478 metres]).
Privately educated, Whymper entered his father’s wood engraving business and ultimately succeeded as head of it. He was sent to Switzerland in 1860 to make sketches for a book on the Alps and became a mountaineer thereafter. In the western Alps he climbed Mont Pelvoux (1861) and Les Écrins (1864).
Whymper and the physicist John Tyndall engaged in a race to reach the top of the Matterhorn by way of the Italian side of the mountain for nearly three years. On his eighth attempt to scale the Matterhorn, on July 14, 1865, Whymper made the ascent by the Swiss ridge, a steep and menacing passage that had previously been thought too perilous to attempt to climb. On the descent, one member of his party slipped and pulled down three more—all four fell to their deaths. The rope broke, saving Whymper and two guides. One of the best known of all mountaineering accidents, this event is recorded in Whymper’s Scrambles Amongst the Alps (1871; condensed as Ascent of the Matterhorn, 1879), which is illustrated with his own engravings. The book contains Whymper’s famous words of caution:
Climb if you will, but remember that courage and strength are nought without prudence, and that a momentary negligence may destroy the happiness of a lifetime. Do nothing in haste; look well to each step, and from the beginning think what may be the end.
While he continued to climb elsewhere, Whymper abandoned mountaineering in the Alps after the Matterhorn accident.
In 1867 and 1872 Whymper visited Greenland with the intention of crossing its ice cap, but he became convinced that the undertaking would prove too costly for him. In Ecuador (1880) he twice ascended Chimborazo, and he spent a night on the summit of Cotopaxi (19,347 feet [5,897 metres]), the world’s highest continuously active volcano. He published Travels Amongst the Great Andes of Ecuador (1892), which contained much valuable information for geographers, geologists, and mountaineers. He also compiled two handbooks on the climbing of Chamonix (1896) and Zermatt (1897; both reprinted 1974). Whymper’s last journeys were in the Canadian Rockies (1901–05).