Wildlife
A number of important habitats, plants and wildlife exist in and along the river. Due to their rarity, many of these are protected by national and international law.
Invertebrates
Dragonflies, moths, land and water beetles, flies such as hoverfly, molluscs such as water snail, Roesel's bush cricket, the wormwood and the Duffley's Bell-head Spider. The river is also host to some crustaceans, including the signal crayfish and the Chines Mitten Crab.
Birds
Various species of birds feed off the river or nest on it. These include Cormorant, Black-headed Gull, Herring Gull and Mute Swan. Geese and ducks can be seen including the Canada Geese, Egyptian Geese, the Bar-headed Geese, the Mallard Duck, Mandarin Duck and the Wood Duck. Other water birds to be found on the river include the Great Crested Grebe, Coot, Moor-hen, Heron and Kingfisher.
Mammals
Because of the increased number of fish in the river more than 100 marine mammals have been spotted in the river in recent years including bottle-nosed dolphins, common and grey seals, harbour porpoises and water voles. On 20th January 2006 a five metres northern bottle-nosed whale was seen in the river as far upstream as Chelsea. This was extremely unusual as this whale is generally found in deep sea waters. The river is also a very important foraging and corridor habitat for bats.
Plants
Soft hornwort, brackish water-crowfoot, marsh dock, golden dock and salt-marsh grass.
Fish
After 150 years of absence a salmon was spotted in 1974 suggesting that the river might be clean enough to support its passage. On 5th August 1993 the largest non-tidal salmon in recorded history was caught close to Boulters Lock in Maidenhead. The specimen weighed 6.5 kg and measured 88cm. Colonies of short-snouted seahorses have also recently been discovered in the river.