One of the turning-points of Czech history, the execution of 27 leaders of the Protestant rebellion against Emperor Matthias, took place there in 1621. You can find here memorial tablet and 27 crosses in the pavement by the Old Town City Hall, as well as symbols of swords and a thorn crown, commemorating the sad event. A legend says, that the ghosts of the executed noblemen return to the square every year on 21 st of June, the day of the execution.
...here, in pavement of Old Town Square is signed of result of one of the most defining moments in the history of the Czech lands - the Battle of White Mountain. The culmination of a three year long Protestant Uprising that saw Ferdinand II deposed and Frederick the Winter King installed, albeit only for a short while: the battle of White Mountain was poorly lost by Protestant forces. Their defeat culminated in an exodus of thousands, including such figures as the scholar Jan Komensky, or Comenius as he is more widely known, who fled to the Netherlands. Those who remained behind faced the wrath of the victors: witnessing the confiscation of land, the brutal re-Catholicisation of the country, and death for those singled out as traitors. Those who had played key roles in the rebellion and done the 'unthinkable': taken up arms against their king. Less than a year after defeat at White Mountain, on June 21st, 1621, 27 noblemen were publicly put to death on Prague's Old Town Square. Who they were, how they faced their final hour, and how they braved their punishment are subjects for this episode of Czechs in History.
Dozens of carpenters and their apprentices had laboured for days on Prague's Old Town Square, their mission: to complete a stage and gallows planned for a most grisly event - the execution of 27 noblemen who had played key roles in the Protestant revolt. Among those waiting in prison condemned to die: Jachym Ondrej Slik, Kaspar Kaplir, and Jan Jesensky, the rector of the university in Prague. They waited, while the labourers worked, readying the platform for the longest day of the year. Just in time their work was done, and a black cloth was drawn around the construction in preparation for the dreadful event. Part the historic town hall was covered in black. An unbearable tension prevailed. Across from the scaffolding on the Old Town Square a tribunal had been erected so that the emperor's loyal representatives could sit and preside over the executions: nobility, town mayors, council members. Soldiers marched into the square to quash the mere thought of an anti-Catholic uprising from taking hold. But there was never any chance for revolt - most had long been cowed, the Winter King had long fled the country, the Protestant dream was a shambles. Common folk soon began filling the square. The condemned would be brought - one by one - to the platform to die. The hands of the executioner were none other than those of the infamous Jan Mydlar. Little time now remained.
The 27 who had been sentenced included men of different social rank from the nobility, knights, and burghers. Let us look at some of those already mentioned to get an idea of where they stood, and how their actions and beliefs had brought them to the final crossroads of their lives.
Jáchym Ondrej Slik. Born in 1569, Count Slik came from Germanised, Lutheran nobility in Cheb, that had made most of its fortunes from rich silver mines and a tolar mint in Jachymov - eventually lost to Ferdinand I. Their loss turned the Slik family against the Habsburgs, and the strong-headed count took to opposition movements calling for greater religious tolerance in the events of 1609. He was also present at the pivotal First Defenestration of Prague, which set off the Protestant Uprising: enraged nobles threw two royal councillors from a second floor window at Prague Castle. Though himself a bidder for the Czech throne after the overthrow of Ferdinand II, Slik lost his nerve and backed the coronation of Frederick the Winter King instead. After White Mountain he departed the Czech lands but was later caught by Saxony spies, and eventually delivered to Vienna. On June 21st, 1621, Slik was the first of the noblemen to climb onto the podium in Prague. Jan Mydlar cut off his head using one of four axes at his disposal. According to the royal decree, Slik's right hand was also cut off. Documents from the period attest that the nobleman went to his death without fear and full of courage and pride, feelings displayed by most, perhaps all, of his countrymen condemned that day. Other prominent names among the executed nobility: Vaclav Budovec and Krystof Harant, a writer, traveller and true Renaissance man. From the ranks of knighthood Kaspar Kaplir: one of the most formidable on June 21st, not least because he was over eighty years old. He went to his death not wanting to show the slightest sign of weakness, although he had to be helped up the scaffolding steps by assistants. Legend has it that as he walked up the steps he asked his God to give him the strength not to stumble so not to be shamed before his enemies.
From the burghers Jan Jesensky, or Jessenius, was also among those to die that day, and the poor man must have suffered terribly. The rector of Prague University, of noble descent, who had conducted the first public autopsy in Prague, a renowned diplomat, a friend of Tycho Brahe, his tongue was cut out by executioner Mydlar. It is unbearable to imagine: a man of such deeds facing such damning defeat. He had been a man who had tried to raise the standard of teaching at the university to new levels; but he had also supported Frederick, giving a famous speech at his coronation. He was beheaded, his body quartered.
The details of course are gruesome - how could they not be - and the events of June 21st, 1621 in many ways remain painful to this day. As tourists wander in Prague, admiring the beauty of the Old Town Square they often pause and wonder, scratching their heads over the 27 crosses marked on the ground where the executions took place. Many fail to realise the depth of the loss for Bohemia as it came under iron Habsburg control. The loss of some of its most erudite, and most outspoken. The tragedy did not end with the executions but continued to reverberate with the thousands of exiles who fled to safety in time, never to return home. And although many Protestant documents from that time - not surprisingly - pay homage to the condemned men's great bravery, and in some aspects are perhaps not entirely objective, it is a fact that what the 27 executed that day handed down for future generations a moral legacy one that began to revive in Bohemia only much later - in the second half of the 19th century. June 21st, 1621. A date forever significant in Czech history. While historians, such as Michel Foucault tell us the manner of the men's punishments were common by the standards of the day - there was no other sentence for raising arms against one's king - consider this: the display of many of the noblemen's heads on Prague's Bridge Tower was unusually brutal and Byzantine. A searing, continual warning that any effort to stand against the Catholic Habsburg rulers was a false route that would end only in pain and death. A warning that resistance was futile.
On the tablet is following text and list of executed brave men:
Na míste zde v dlažbe vyznaceném stálo popravište na kterém v pondelí dne 21.cervna L.P. 1621 od hodiny páte až do deváté ranní obetovalo svuj život pro hájení svobody království ceského techto dvacet sedm mucedníku:
Jáchym Ondrej Šlik svob. pán z Holejše
Václav st. Budovec svob. pán z Budova
Kryštof Harant svob. pán z Polžic a Bezdružic
Kašpar Kaplír rytír ze Sulevic
Prokop Dvorecký rytír z Olbramovic
Fridrich rytír z Bílé
Jindrich rytír Otta z Losu
Diviš Cernín rytír z Chudenic
Vilém st. rytír Konecchlumský z Konecchlumí
Bohuslav st. rytír z Michalovic
Mistr Valentin Kochan z Prachové radní Nového mesta pražského
Tobiáš Štefek z Kolodej meštan Nového mesta pražského
Jan Jesenský z Jesenného doktor lékarství a rektor University
Kryštof st. Kober z Koberštejna meštan Menšího mesta pražského
Jan st. Šultys z Felsdorfu primátor kutnohorský
Maxmilián Hoštálek z Javoric primátor žatecký
D. Leander Ryppel z Ruppachu meštan Starého mesta pražského
Jirí Haunšild z Fürstenfeldu doktor práv a meštan Starého mesta pražského
Jan Kutnauer ze Sonnenštejna radní Starého mesta pražského
Šimon Sušický ze Sonnenštejna radní Starého mesta pražského
Natanael Vodnanský z Uracova primátor Starého mesta pražského
Václav Mašterovský z Jizbice meštan Nového mesta pražského
Jindrich Kozel z Peclinovce radní Nového mesta pražského
Ondrej Kocour z Votína radní Nového mesta pražského
Jirí Recický radní Nového mesta pražského
Michal Witmann radní Nového mesta pražského
Simeon Vokác z Chýš a Špicberku radní Nového mesta pražského
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In English:
On this place, marked in pavement, stood scaffold where in Monday on June 21th 1621 AD from five to nine morning sacrificed own life for defense of liberty of Kingdom of Bohemia following twenty seven martyrs:
Jáchym Ondrej Šlik lord of Holejš
Václav Sr. Budovec lord of Budov
Kryštof Harant lord of Polžice and Bezdružice
Kašpar Kaplír knight of Sulevice
Prokop Dvorecký knight of Olbramovice
Fridrich knight of Bílá
Jindrich knight Otta of Los
Diviš Cernín knight of Chudenice
Vilém Sr. knight Konecchlumský of Konecchlumí
Bohuslav Sr. knight of Michalovice
Mister Valentin Kochan of Prachová councillor of New Town of Prague
Tobiáš Štefek of Kolodeje burgher of New Town of Prague
Jan Jesenský of Jesenný doctor of medicine and rector of University
Kryštof Sr. Kober of Koberštejn burgher of Lesser Town of Prague
Jan Sr. Šultys of Felsdorf mayor of Kutná Hora
Maxmilián Hoštálek of Javorice mayor of Žatec
D. Leander Ryppel of Ruppach burgher of Old Town of Prague
Jirí Haunšild of Fürstenfeld doctor of law and burgher of Old Town of Prague
Jan Kutnauer of Sonnenštejn councillor of Old Town of Prague
Šimon Sušický of Sonnenštejn councillor of Old Town of Prague
Natanael Vodnanský of Uracov mayor of Old Town of Prague
Václav Mašterovský of Jizbice burgher of New Town of Prague
Jindrich Kozel of Peclinovce councillor of New Town of Prague
Ondrej Kocour of Votín councillor of New Town of Prague
Jirí Recický councillor of New Town of Prague
Michal Witmann councillor of New Town of Prague
Simeon Vokác of Chýše and Špicberk councillor of New Town of Prague
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