Jeanne d'Arc, née vers 1412 à Domrémy, village du duché de Barn 1 (actuellement dans le département des Vosges en Lorraine), et morte sur le bûcher le 30 mai 1431 à Rouen, capitale du duché de Normandie alors possession du royaume d'Angleterre, est une héroïne de l'histoire de France, chef de guerre et sainte de l'Église catholique, surnommée depuis le xvie siècle « la Pucelle d'Orléans ».
Au début du xve siècle, cette jeune fille de dix-sept ans d'origine paysanne affirme avoir reçu de la part des saints Michel, Marguerite d'Antioche et Catherine d'Alexandrie la mission de délivrer la France de l'occupation anglaise. Elle parvient à rencontrer Charles VII, à conduire victorieusement les troupes françaises contre les armées anglaises, à lever le siège d'Orléans et à conduire le roi au sacre à Reims, contribuant ainsi à inverser le cours de la guerre de Cent Ans.
Capturée par les Bourguignons à Compiègne en 1430, elle est vendue aux Anglais par Jean de Luxembourg, comte de Ligny, pour la somme de dix mille livres. Elle est condamnée à être brûlée vive en 1431 après un procès en hérésie conduit par Pierre Cauchon, évêque de Beauvais et ancien recteur de l'université de Paris. Entaché de nombreuses irrégularités, ce procès voit sa révision ordonnée par le pape Calixte III en 1455. Un second procès est instruit qui conclut, en 1456, à l'innocence de Jeanne et la réhabilite entièrement. Grâce à ces deux procès dont les minutes ont été conservées, elle est l'une des personnalités les mieux connues du Moyen Âge.
Béatifiée en 1909 puis canonisée en 1920, Jeanne d'Arc devient une des deux saintes patronnes secondaires de la France en 1922 par la lettre apostolique Beata Maria Virgo in cælum Assumpta in gallicæ. Sa fête nationale est instituée par la loi en 1920 et fixée au 2e dimanche de mai.
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Saint of the Roman Catholic church and French national heroine.
Saint Jeanne d’Arc, the Maid of Orleans is a recognized Saint of the Roman Catholic Church. Although she was excommunicated and burned at the stake for heresy by local officials in 1431, central Church officials would later nullify her excommunication, declaring her a martyr unjustly executed for a secular vendetta. Her legend would grow from there, leading to her beatification in 1909 and her canonization in 1920. The details of the life of Jeanne d’Arc form a biography which is unique among the world’s biographies in one respect: It is the only story of a human life which comes to us under oath, the only one which comes to us from the witness-stand.
Girl and soldier, saint and heretic, savior
Since the time of her death, Jeanne has inspired thousands of historians, poets, and painters. Each of them tells a different story. Guided by what she thought were divine voices, Jeanne revived French fortunes in the Hundred Years’ War.
She played a major (and somewhat mysterious) role in rallying the flagging forces of Charles VII against the English occupier in 1429, leading her troops to breaking the siege of Orléans and having Charles VII, the Seventh, the king of France officially crowned king in Reims the same year. Girl and soldier, saint and heretic, savior – since the time of her death, Jeanne has inspired thousands of historians, poets, and painters. Each of them tells a different story.
Guided by what she thought were divine voices, Jeanne revived French fortunes in the Hundred Years’ War. She was later captured and sold to the English, who burned her at the stake for heresy and perjury in 1431, in Rouen France.
The role she played in the Hundred Years’ War.
This war started, with interruptions, from 1337-1453, and began as a dynastic conflict between the English and French royal houses which both laid claim to the French throne. Initially this war went badly for France; the Dauphin, later King Charles VII, had to withdraw for safety to the Castle of Chinon from the English and their allies, the Burgundians. In 1429, the country lass Jeanne d’Arc, managed to reach him at the castle, led by divine inspiration. This started her military successes: with a small army she marched on Orleans which she managed to rid of the English.
Her success was a powerful momentum for French national consciousness. New successes at Patay and Reims followed. The performance of the Pucelle (Virgin) d’ Orleans led to a change in the war in favour of the French. It culminated in the coronation of Charles VII in Reims cathedral on 17 July 1429, in which Jeanne d’Arc held her standard above Charles’s head. A complete English defeat seemed unavoidable, but the siege of Paris in September failed, due to lack of the necessary means. In May 1430, she fell into the hands of the Burgundians, who delivered her to the English. In February 1431, a trial began against her in which she was condemned as a witch. On 30 May 1431, she died at the stake on the Place du Vieux Marché in Rouen.
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