Bedford Castle, little more than an unrecognizable mound today, was first built as a motte in the 11th century, and later a shell keep was added, to be followed by a round tower with curtain walls. The castle acted as an important administrative centre, and several Sherrifs of Buckinghamshire - yes, Bucks, not Beds - used it as their official seat.
History
A motte and bailey castle was built by Henry I in a position overlooking the River Great Ouse. To create space for the castle and its bailey enclosure Henry's e had to destroy some of the existing Saxon buildings. The original castle consisted of just the motte and an inner bailey.
Royal Struggles
The crown installed a royal castellan to administer the castle. When King Stephen claimed the throne the castellan was Simon de Beauchamp. When Simon de Beauchamp died in 1137 King Stephen decided to grant the castle to Hugh the Pauper, on condition that he marry Simon's daughter. Unfortunately for the king's plans, the grant to Hugh was disputed by the sons of Simon's brother, who claimed the castle should go to the elder brother, Miles de Beauchamp.
Just as the squabble broke out, King David of Scotland marched south to invade, in support of Stephen's rival to the throne, the Empress Matilda. Despite the fact that Miles de Beauchamp came out in support of King Stephen, the king decided to capture Bedford Castle by force as he marched north to meet the Scots in battle. Miles de Beauchamp garrisoned the castle against him, but rather than launch a siege, King Stephen left a token force outside the castle to starve the defendes into submission, and continued his march north.
After 5 weeks the defenders accepted a deal to surrender and hand the castle over to the king's men, while De Beauchamp retained his lands around Bedford. Miles de Beauchamp returned in 1141 and retook the castle, and switched allegiance to support Matilda. Henry II marched through Bedord in 1153 but it isn't clear whether he besieged the castle or left it alone.
A later De Beauchamp, William by name, supported the crown in the Barons Rebellion of 1215 and withstood an attack by the rebel forces. He later switched to the Baron's side, and in 1216 the castle was besieged and captured by Falkes de Breaute on John's behalf. When Henry III took the throne Falkes made Bedford Castle his power base and extended the defences. He even destroyed two nearby churches to make space for a new outer bailey enclosure. The stone from the church was used to strengthen the castle defences. Falkes' 13th century castle had stone-lined ditches and earthworks, a barbican to control the main entrance, and a new stone-built keep atop the castle mound. Within the inner bailey was a great hall; the centre of castle life.
Henry III's Siege
Falkes de Breaute fell out with Henry III, and the king marched on Bedford. Falkes had left the castle in the hands of his brother William, with a garrison of 80 men. The king's army battered the castle with stones fired by siege-engines and attacked the walls without success for 8 weeks. Losses to the king's men were heavy, but after miners built a tunnel under the keep the castle finally fell. All but three of the garrison were hanged, and the others only escaped by agreeing to join the order of the Knights Templar. Tragically, a letter from the Pope asking Henry to cease his attack arrived just 3 days after the castle fell.
Henry III ordered the castle to be torn dow and the ditches filled in. Stone from the castle was used to pave streets in Bedford town, and to build the first stone bridge across the Great Ouse in the town. William de Beauchamp eventually returned and built a house inside the inner bailey.
The castle was left derelict, though it was refortified by Prince Rupert in the Civil War. The castle mound was modified several times. In the 16th century the flat surface on top of the mound was used as a bowling green. In the 19th century an ice-house tunnel was built into the northern side of the mound. The interior storage area is over 4 metres deep, enough to hold ice for every inn in Bedford.
The area once used as the castle bailey is now occupied by car parks on castle Lane. An archaeological park was erected on part of the castle site, incorporating one of the original castle lime kilns and the partial foundations of a medieval hall.
Bedford Castle was a large medieval castle in Bedford, England. Built after 1100 by Henry I, the castle played a prominent part in both the civil war of the Anarchy and the First Barons' War. The castle was significantly extended in stone, although the final plan of the castle remains uncertain. Henry III of England besieged the castle in 1224 following a disagreement with Falkes de Breauté; the siege lasted eight weeks and involved an army of as many as 2,700 soldiers with equipment drawn from across England. After the surrender of the castle, the king ordered its destruction. Although partially refortified in the 17th century during the English Civil War, the castle remained a ruin until the urban expansion in Bedford during the 19th century, when houses were built across much of the property. Today only part of the motte still stands, forming part of an archaeological park built on the site between 2007 and 2009.
Today only the base of the motte survives at Bedford Castle, 7.5 m (25 feet) high and 49 m (161 feet) wide at the top, and is a scheduled monument. Archaeological work has been conducted to develop a better understanding of the history of the castle, although excavations are difficult because of the urban nature of the site. Excavations between 1969 and 1972 established the broad form of the castle; this was supplemented by further work in 1995–6 and another phase of excavations in 2007. Following the 2007 investigations, an archaeological park was built on part of the castle site between 2007 and 2009, forming the centre of a mixed-use development of restaurants and apartments. The park incorporated one of the castle's lime kilns, first rediscovered in 1973, and the foundations of a hall discovered at the castle.