Sir Carol Reed, (born December 30, 1906, London, Eng.—died April 25, 1976, London), British film director noted for his technical mastery of the suspense-thriller genre. He was the first British film director to be knighted.
Carol Reed was born to the mistress of one of England’s most successful stage actors, Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree. After a rather lacklustre school career at King’s School, Canterbury, Reed followed in his father’s footsteps and at age 18 began taking small acting roles. He broke into films as a dialogue coach for Associated Talking Pictures in 1932 and codirected several films before releasing Midshipman Easy (1934), his first solo effort.
Most of Reed’s early films are inexpensive, unremarkable efforts. When in 1938 the British government stipulated that film companies must fully fund the making of domestic motion pictures—rather than focusing on the distribution of foreign films—Reed was able to produce such noteworthy efforts as The Stars Look Down (1939), an internationally acclaimed film that depicted life in an English mining town, and Night Train to Munich (1940), a Hitchcock-style thriller that featured Rex Harrison as a British double agent. During World War II, Reed directed documentaries for the British army’s film unit, including The True Glory (1945), which he codirected with Garson Kanin under the supervision of General Dwight D. Eisenhower (later U.S. president). For this film, Reed won his first Oscar for “distinctive achievement in documentary production.”
The making of documentaries had an enormous influence on Reed’s filmmaking style. His postwar films are characterized by a documentary-style emotional detachment and a perfectionist’s eye for detail. Nowhere is this more evident than in three films made in successive years, beginning with Odd Man Out (1947), a fatalistic tragedy starring James Mason as a fugitive IRA agent. Masterful cinematography by Robert Krasker infused the film with long shadows and a look of gloom, a visual style common to Reed’s films of this period. Reed began his collaboration with two important associates—writer Graham Greene and producer Alexander Korda—on his next film, The Fallen Idol (1948). The following year, the trio turned out what is arguably Reed’s greatest film, The Third Man (1949), a Cold War thriller starring Joseph Cotten and Orson Welles. The film won first prize at the Cannes Film Festival, and Reed was nominated for best director at the Academy Awards. Because of the strength and reputation of Reed’s films of the late 1940s, he was knighted in 1952, the first British film director to be so honoured.
Most of the films Reed made during the 1950s and ’60s were not up to the level of his initial postwar efforts. Films such as the circus drama Trapeze (1956), the Graham Greene spy spoof Our Man in Havana (1960), and the epic story of Michelangelo The Agony and the Ecstasy (1965) were well-received, but many critics felt that Reed had long since passed his prime. He proved them wrong with a rousing screen adaptation of Lionel Bart’s stage musical Oliver! (1968), Reed’s only venture into the musical genre. The film won five Oscars, including best picture and best director, and was Reed’s final noteworthy film.