Thomas Arne (1710-1778)
Early Years
Thomas Augustine Arne was born in King Street, Covent Garden, London on or about 12th March, 1710 and was baptised 11 weeks later on 28th May at the church of St. Paul's, Covent Garden.
Arne's father and grandfather were both upholsterers and both became officials of the City Company of Upholsterers. His grandfather unfortunately fell upon hard times and died in the Marshalsea prison for debtors. Arne's father on the other hand earned enough money not only to rent a large house in Covent Garden but also to have his son Thomas educated at Eton College. But later in life he also managed to lose most of his wealth and had to earn extra cash by acting as a numberer of the boxes at Drury Lane Theatre.
The young Arne was so keen on music that he smuggled a spinet into his room and, dampening the sounds with his handkerchief, would secretly practise during the night while the rest of the family slept. He also, according to the musical historian Charles Burney (1726-1814), dressed up as a liveryman in order to gain access to the gallery of the Italian Opera. It was at the opera that Arne first met the musician and composer Michael Festing (d.1752).
Festing was a major influence on Arne. He not only taught him to play the violin but also took him to various musical events including going to hear Roseingrave compete for the post of organist at Hanover Square and a visit to Oxford in 1733 to hear Handel's opera 'Athalia'.
Upon leaving school the future composer was articled to a solicitor for three years. However, according to Burney, Arne's father discovered his son leading a group of musicians at what was probably one of Festing's musical gatherings. Following this disclosure of his son's real interest and talent he was persuaded (again probably by Festing) to allow the young Arne to give up his legal career and to pursue music as a living.
Arne was to suffer from one disadvantage; as a Roman Catholic he was debarred from many of the professional musical appointments open to others such as a Cathedral Organist or Master of the King's Band of Musick.
Thomas Arne 1732/3
One of his first acts upon being 'set free' from his law apprenticeship was to teach his sister (Susanna Maria) and his brother (Richard) to sing. The three of them were amongst a group of musicians who gave a performance of Handel's 'Acis and Galatea' at the Haymarket Theatre in April 1732. The three Arnes then joined forces with the musicians Henry Carey and J.F. Lampe.
Arne's first composition of importance was his setting of Addison's 'Rosamond' - little of which has survived. The first performance was a family affair with his sister taking the principal part and the part of the page-boy taken by his brother. This took place at the theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields in 1733. It was very successful and was repeated ten times.
1736
In 1736 Arne married Cecilia Young, the daughter of the organist of All Hallows Church, Barking. She was a soprano who had already gained great distinction in Handel's oratorios. It was during the years immediately following his marriage that Arne put himself well and truly on the musical map by composing three very successful masques in succession. The first of these was 'Cornus' which was first performed at Drury Lane Theatre on 4th March 1738. It was performed many times during Arne's lifetime and remained popular for a century after his death. It became a model for what was recognised as typical English music.
1740
Two years later in 1740 the second masque was performed; 'The Judgement of Paris', the final chorus of which is unfortunately lost. It was first performed at a fete given by the Prince of Wales at Cliveden in Buckinghamshire to celebrate the birthday of his daughter, the Princess Augusta, and also the anniversary of the accession of the House of Hanover. For the same fete Arne wrote another masque 'The Masque of Althred' which concludes with Arne's well known masterpiece 'Rule Britannia'. It also contains the particularly beautiful aria 'Arise, Sweet Messenger of the Morn'. At the end of 1740 Arne composed the music for the first in a series of Shakespeare's plays; 'As you Like It', Twelfth Night' (1741), 'The Merchant of Venice' (1742), 'The Tempest' (1746) and 'Love's Labour's Lost' (1747).
Prince of Wales 1742
Arne went to Dublin with his wife in April 1742 to arrange a benefit concert for Mrs. Arne at which Arne's sister Susanna (Mrs. Cibber) also sang. Throughout that Dublin music 'season' Arne introduced much music by Handel and of his own - including, in 1744, the oratorio 'The Death of Abel'.
1745
Arne introduced his own setting of 'God Save the King' at the Drury Lane Theatre - sung by 'the Gentlemen of the House' every night.
His hugely successful 'Colin & Phoebe' established him as the leading composer at the London pleasure gardens of Vauxhall, Ranelagh and Marylebone for the following 20 years.
1750
In 1750 following an argument with Garrick over her salary, Mrs. Cibber transferred to Covent Garden Theatre. Arne followed her there and there followed an ongoing battle between the two theatres, which only ended many years later when Mrs. Cibber decided to return to Drury Lane.
1755
Relationships between Arne and his wife had been far from perfect for many years. On their trip to Ireland in 1755 many concerts were postponed on account of Mrs. Arne's 'illness' which the composer claimed was 'passions, equal to raving madness'. Their marriage was at breaking point and Arne returned to London with his pupil Miss Brent while his wife stayed in Dublin. Having separated, Arne signed a contract to give his wife £40 a year.
Back in London Arne published his Eight Sets of Lessons for the Harpsichord, the Seven Sonatas for two Violins and collections of songs sung at the public gardens.
1759
In 1759 Arne was awarded the degree of Doctor in Music at Oxford University.
Arne managed to secure a singing part for his pupil Miss Brent in a very successful revival of The Beggar's Opera at Covent Garden. It ran for two months and was followed by 'The Jovial Crew' with music by Arne.
1761
In 1761 Arne put on a performance of his oratorio 'Judith' at Drury Lane and in the following year produced Handel's 'Alexander's Feast'. John Stanley and John Christopher Smith were both upset by this as they had taken on the task of performing Handel's oratorios since his death. In retaliation they put on performances of various Handel oratorios on the same nights as Arne. Arne backed down and decided not to try this again.
1762
February 1762 saw Arne's greatest ever success; the performance of his opera Artaxerxes at Covent Garden. It remained a favourite with the public and was performed regularly until well into the 19th Century. Haydn was so impressed when he saw it that he said he, "had no idea we had such an opera in the English Language".
This was followed by 'Love in a Village' which as well as containing original music by Arne, also included popular songs of the time which were well known to patrons of the London pleasure gardens. This was the pinnacle of Arne's career.
1764
He had much success with his masque 'The Arcadian Nuptials', written to celebrate the marriage of the Prince of Brunswick and Princess Augusta, but not with the comic opera 'The Guardian Outwitted' which only ran for six nights.
1766
In 1766 Arne's sister Mrs. Cibber died and Miss Brent married the violinist Pinto.
1767
In 1767 Arne's Four Symphonies were published in London by John Johnston. They are a good example of Arne keeping up-to-date with changing musical fashions, in that they are structured closer to the increasingly popular symphonic style of J.C. Bach (who had come to London five years previously) and Haydn.
1768
Arne revived Artaxerxes at Drury Lane but an alternative production at Covent Garden with Mrs. Pinto in the lead role proved more successful.
Following the disappointment of his Drury Lane production Arne had little to do with the Theatre but did however become a member of the Noblemen and Gentlemen's Catch Club and the Madrigal Society. He gave yearly concerts, which he claimed were 'the first entertainment of the kind exhibited in this, or any other kingdom", at Ranelagh Pleasure Gardens, comprising songs, catches and glees.
1770/75
Unfortunately, the lack of theatre work reduced his income considerable and in 1770 his wife threatened legal action after he fell behind in his regular payments to her by £10.
The last years of Arne's life saw performances of some of his most successful works including 'Shakespeare Ode' (1769), the masque 'The Fairy Queen' (1771), 'May Day (1775) and 'Caractacus'.
1777/8
In October 1777, after a separation of more than 20 years, Mr. and Mrs. Arne were reunited. Unfortunately, their happiness at being back together only lasted a few months as Arne became seriously ill and died on 5th March 1778.
He left his property and all his possessions to "my beloved wife Cecilia and my only son Michael". He was buried in St. Paul's Church, Covent Garden where he had been baptised 68 years previously
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